Superconducting properties of the s ±-wave state: Fe-based superconductors.

Although the pairing mechanism of Fe-based superconductors (FeSCs) has not yet been settled with consensus with regard to the pairing symmetry and the superconducting (SC) gap function, the vast majority of experiments support the existence of spin-singlet sign-changing s-wave SC gaps on multi-bands ([Formula: see text]-wave state). This multi-band [Formula: see text]-wave state is a very unique gap state per se and displays numerous unexpected novel SC properties, such as a strong reduction of the coherence peak, non-trivial impurity effects, nodal-gap-like nuclear magnetic resonance signals, various Volovik effects in the specific heat (SH) and thermal conductivity, and anomalous scaling behaviors with a SH jump and condensation energy versus T c, etc. In particular, many of these non-trivial SC properties can easily be mistaken as evidence for a nodal-gap state such as a d-wave gap. In this review, we provide detailed explanations of the theoretical principles for the various non-trivial SC properties of the [Formula: see text]-wave pairing state, and then critically compare the theoretical predictions with experiments on FeSCs. This will provide a pedagogical overview of to what extent we can coherently understand the wide range of different experiments on FeSCs within the [Formula: see text]-wave gap model.